CPU Functional Units ,ALU,Control Unit,Internal CPU

CPU Functional Units

CPU (Central Processing Unit) computer ka brain hota hai. Ye pura system ka heart aur mind dono hota hai. Computer me jitne bhi kaam hote hain—data ko process karna, instructions ko execute karna, decisions lena, calculations perform karna—ye saare kaam CPU hi karta hai.

Jab tum koi bhi application open karte ho—Chrome, WhatsApp Web, Calculator, Game, Editor, Operating System boot hona—in sab ke peeche CPU hi instructions ko handle karta hai. CPU millions of instructions per second execute karta hai jise hum MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) kehte hain.

CPU ko proper, fast, aur efficient tarike se kaam karne ke liye iske andar 3 major functional units hoti hain:

CPU ke 3 Main Functional Units

  • ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit (Calculation + Logic)
  • Control Unit (CU) (Manager + Controller)
  • CPU Buses (Data Transfer Network)

Ye teen units milkar CPU ke andar “Instruction Cycle” complete karte hain:

  • Fetch – Memory se instruction lana
  • Decode – Instruction ka meaning samajhna
  • Execute – ALU, Memory, Register, Bus ko use karna

1. ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit (Deep Explanation)

Definition: ALU CPU ka wo part hai jo saare mathematical operations aur logical decisions perform karta hai. Jab computer ko kisi number par operation karna hota hai, ya kisi condition ko check karna hota hai—ye kaam ALU karta hai.

ALU kya-kya karta hai? (Super Deep Explanation)

ALU computer ka mathematical aur logical engine hota hai. Ye multiple types ke operations karta hai:

  • Arithmetic Operations:
    • Addition (जोड़)
    • Subtraction (घटाना)
    • Multiplication (गुणा)
    • Division (भाग)
    • Increment / Decrement
  • Logical Operations:
    • AND
    • OR
    • NOT
    • XOR
    • Comparisons (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
  • Bitwise Operations:
    • Bit Shifting
    • Bit Rotation
    • Bit Masking
    • Bit Complement
  • Boolean Decision Making:
    • IF condition true hai ya false
    • Loop continue karna hai ya break
  • Temporary Storage:
    • ALU output registers me temporarily store hota hai

ALU ke Major Parts

  • Arithmetic Unit – Maths operations
  • Logic Unit – Condition checking & comparison
  • Accumulator Register – Temporary result store karta hai
  • Status Flags:
    • Zero Flag
    • Carry Flag
    • Overflow Flag
    • Sign Flag

ALU Real-Life Examples

  • Calculator me 245 + 57
  • Password match check karna
  • Game me collision detection
  • Sorting algorithm me comparison

2. Control Unit (CU) – CPU ka Manager

Definition: Control Unit CPU ka controller, coordinator, aur brain director hota hai. Ye decide karta hai ki CPU ka kaun part kab aur kaise kaam karega.

Control Unit kya karta hai? (Deep Explanation)

  • 1. Instruction Fetch – Memory se next instruction lana
  • 2. Decode – Instruction ka meaning samajhna
  • 3. Execute Control – ALU, Register, Memory ko command dena
  • 4. Timing Control – Kaun sa step kab perform ho
  • 5. Flow Control – Program ke sequence ko control karna
  • 6. Data Movement – CPU ke andar data kis direction me jaayega
  • 7. Interrupt Handling – Sudden tasks ko manage karna

Control Unit ke Types

  • Hardwired Control Unit:
    • Fast hoti hai
    • Circuit based होती है
    • Old CPUs me use hoti thi
  • Microprogrammed Control Unit:
    • Flexible hoti hai
    • Modern CPUs me use hoti hai
    • Microinstructions se controlled hoti hai

Real-Life Example

  • Principal → teacher & student ko guide karta hai waise hi CU → ALU, Buses, Memory ko guide karta hai.

3. CPU Buses – Communication System

Definition: Buses CPU ke sabhi parts ke beech data & signals transfer karne wali pathways hoti hain. Ye CPU ka communication network hota hai.

Buses ke 3 Types – Deep Explanation

  • 1. Data Bus
    • Actual data carry karta hai
    • Bi-directional hota hai
    • 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit hota hai
  • 2. Address Bus
    • Memory address carry karta hai
    • CPU ko batata hai data kahan se lana hai
    • Always unidirectional
  • 3. Control Bus
    • Control signals carry karta hai
    • READ signal
    • WRITE signal
    • Interrupt signal
    • Clock signal

Real-Life Example

  • School ka notice board – messages sab tak pahunchate hain

Summary Table – Full CPU Functional Units

Unit Definition Key Functions Practical Example
ALU Maths + logic operations perform karta hai +, −, ×, ÷, AND, OR, XOR, Compare Calculation, Password check
CU CPU ko manage & control karta hai Fetch, Decode, Execute, Timing Control School principal jaisa
Buses CPU ke andar communication system Data, Address, Control signals Notice board jaisa

CPU Working Example – Step by Step

  1. User ne keyboard se 5 + 3 enter kiya
  2. CU instruction ko fetch karta hai
  3. CU decode karta hai → “Addition karna hai”
  4. ALU addition perform karta hai → Result = 8
  5. Result buses ke through output device tak pahuchta hai

AmuleStack 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Data Abstraction

Image
What is Data Abstraction? Data Abstraction ka matlab hota hai: “Sirf zaruri cheez dikhana, aur jo andar ki complex working hai usse chhupa dena.” Programming me hum user ko sirf “What to do” dikhate hain aur “How to do it” chhupa lete hain. Isse system simple, secure aur easy-to-use ban jaata hai.     Real-Life Example: TV Remote TV Remote abstraction ka perfect example hai. Aap remote me bas Volume Up , Channel Change , Power jaisa button dabate ho. Aapko nahi pata hota ki andar circuit kaise signal create karta hai, TV tak kaise pahuchta hai, software usse kaise process karta hai. Aapko sirf zaruri functionality dikh rahi hai → This is Abstraction! Agar company remote ki chip badal bhi de, aapka use karna same hi rahta hai. Programming Me Data Abstraction Coding me Data Abstraction ka matlab hota hai ki hum classes aur functions ko aise design karein ki: User ko sirf use karne layak functions dikhaye dein. Un functions ke andar kya logic chal raha hai, woh poora hid...
Read more

Data Abstraction

Image
  What is Data Abstraction? Data Abstraction means showing only the important information to the user and hiding all the internal working details. In simple words: Show what to do . Hide how it works . This makes a system easy to use, clean, and less confusing.   Real-Life Example: TV Remote When you use a TV remote: You only press buttons like Volume Up, Volume Down, or Channel Change. You do not see how the signal travels inside the remote, how the chip works, or how the TV processes the signal. You only see the basic functions. The internal working is hidden. This is called Abstraction . Data Abstraction in Programming In programming, abstraction means that: The user only sees the required functions or methods. The logic inside those functions remains hidden. Example: When you call saveData(data) in a program: You only know that the data will be saved. You do not know whether it is saved using SQL, NoSQL, a file system, or something else. The internal process is hidden fro...
Read more

Data Structure Ka Parichay Aur Prakar (Introduction and Types of Data Structure)

Image
  1. Data Structure Ki Definition Data Structure ek logical aur systematic tareeka hai jisme data elements ko organize kiya jata hai taki essential operations jaise search, add aur delete efficiently kiye ja sake kam time aur memory mein. Simple Example: Ek library ko consider karo. Books (data) ko shelves (data structures) mein unke subjects ke hisaab se arrange kiya jata hai, taki jab aap koi book dhundho to turant mil jaye. 2. Data Structures Ke Prakar Data Structures mainly do categories mein divide hote hain: Primitive aur Non-Primitive . A. Primitive Data Structures Ye basic data types hote hain jo directly machine level par kaam karte hain. Programming languages inhe pre-defined provide karti hain. Integer (int): Poorn sankhyaon ko store karta hai. Example: 10, -5, 1000 Float/Double: Dashmlav sankhyaon ko store karta hai. Example: 3.14, 0.005 Character (char): Single akshar ya symbol store karta hai. Example: 'A', 'z', '9' Boolean (bo...
Read more