Define Algorithm. What are the characteristics of a good algorithm?

Algorithm Kya Hai & Accha Algorithm Ke Features

Algorithm (एल्गोरिथम) Ki Definition

An algorithm ek step-by-step process hai, jo kisi problem ko solve karne ke liye instructions deta hai. Ye instructions clear aur finite honi chahiye, taki har step ko easily follow kiya ja sake.

Simple Shabdon Me:

Algorithm ek recipe ya blueprint ki tarah hota hai. Jaise recipe me ingredients aur steps hote hain, waise hi algorithm me inputs aur steps diye hote hain, jisse output milta hai. Har step logically aur sequentially follow kiya ja sakta hai.

Example: Tumhe 2 numbers ko add karna hai: Step 1: Do numbers lo.
Step 2: Unhe add karo.
Step 3: Result show karo.
Ye ek simple algorithm hai.

Algorithm ke Basic Niyam (Fundamental Rules)

Ek accha algorithm ye 5 basic rules follow karta hai:

  1. Input (आदान): Algorithm ko zero ya zyada clear inputs diye ja sakte hain.
  2. Output (परिणाम): Algorithm kam se kam ek expected output dena chahiye.
  3. Definiteness (स्पष्टता): Har instruction simple aur clear honi chahiye. Ambiguity allowed nahi hai.
  4. Finiteness (परिमितता): Algorithm limited steps me finish hona chahiye. Infinite loop nahi hona chahiye.
  5. Effectiveness (प्रभावशीलता): Har step simple aur easily performable hona chahiye.

Accha Algorithm Ke Features (Characteristics)

Accha algorithm wo hai jo problem ko sahi, fast aur easily understandable way me solve kare. Har feature detail me:

1. Correctness (सही Output)

  • Definition: Algorithm har valid input ke liye correct aur expected output de.
  • Explanation: Agar result galat ho, algorithm ka use useless hai. Ye sabse important hai.
  • Example: Sorting [3,1,2] → output [1,2,3]

2. Time Efficiency (Time Bachana)

  • Definition: Algorithm kam se kam time me output de.
  • Explanation: Time Complexity se measure hota hai. Input bada ho to algorithm ka slow growth hona chahiye.
  • Example: Merge Sort large array ko O(n log n) me sort karta hai.

3. Space Efficiency (Memory Bachana)

  • Definition: Algorithm kam memory use kare.
  • Explanation: Kam memory se device fast kaam karta hai, mobile aur IoT me useful hai.
  • Example: In-place sorting algorithms kam memory lete hain.

4. Clarity and Readability (Samajhne me Easy)

  • Definition: Steps logically ordered aur simple language me hone chahiye.
  • Explanation: Clear algorithm ko debug, maintain aur update karna easy hota hai.
  • Example: Code me numbering aur comments se samajhna easy ho jata hai.

5. Robustness (Strong & Error-Free)

  • Definition: Algorithm wrong input ya unexpected input handle kare gracefully.
  • Explanation: Algorithm crash nahi hona chahiye, proper error message dikhana chahiye.
  • Example: User number ki jagah string de, algorithm error message show kare, crash nahi.

6. Generality (Multiple Problems Me Kaam)

  • Definition: Algorithm similar problems ke liye bhi kaam kare.
  • Example: Merge Sort integers, floats aur strings ko sort kar sakta hai.

Exam Tips & Important Points

  • ✔️ Correct ho (hamesha sahi result de)
  • ✔️ Time aur memory efficient ho
  • ✔️ Easy to read aur samajhne me easy ho
  • ✔️ Unexpected input handle kare (Robust)
  • ✔️ Similar problems me use ho sake (General)
  • ✔️ Future me easily update ho sake (Maintainable)

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